Chronic gout can eventually lead to permanent deposits of urate crystals—called tophi, which form along the bones just beneath the skin.

慢性痛风最终会导致尿酸结晶的永久性沉积，形成痛风石，附于骨头，止于皮下。

At a physiologic pH of about 7.4, uric acid loses a proton and becomes a urate ion, which then binds sodium and forms monosodium urate crystals.

在生理环境下，体液的pH值约为7.4，此时尿酸会失去一个质子，变为尿酸离子；尿酸离子与钠离子结合，形成单钠尿酸盐结晶。

Individuals with chronic gout are also at an increased risk for developing kidney stones made of uric acid, as well as urate nephropathy, which is when urate crystals deposit in the interstitium of the kidney.

慢性痛风的病人罹患尿酸性肾结石以及尿酸性肾病的风险也会升高；尿酸性肾病中，尿酸结晶沉积于肾脏间质。