These measurements are done at standard conditions, which we discussed in the enthalpy and entropy episodes.

这些测量是在标准条件下完成的， 我们在焓和熵情节中对此进行了讨论。

So if the voltage is positive, it means that under standard state conditions, the reaction will spontaneously go forward.

所以如果电压为正， 说明在标准状态条件下， 反应会自发进行。

Any pregnancy where the fetus develops outside the uterus is known as “ectopic”, and serves as a useful model for what happens to babies born outside of standard conditions, say, within a man’s abdomen.

任何胎儿在子宫外的怀孕都被称为“异位”，以发生在正常情况以外的小婴儿作为一个标准，而婴儿在男人的腹部裡也是异位。