贫血（英语：anemia, anaemia，拉丁语：anæmia）通常定义为血液中红血球或血红素总数量下降的情形；也可以被定义为血液携带氧气能力下降的情况。当贫血慢性发作时，其症状往往不明显，可能包含疲倦、虚弱、呼吸困难或活动能力下降；有时急性发作，就会出现较为强烈的症状，可能包含意识不清、感觉将要昏倒以及想喝更多水。在一个人面色苍白得很明显之前，就已经有显著的贫血状况了。依据不同病因，可能会出现额外的症状。

贫血的原因总共分为三种主要类型：一为失血；二为红血球制造数量下降；三为红血球细胞分解增加。失血可能是由于创伤以及消化道出血等；红血球制造减少的原因包括铁质缺乏、维生素B12缺乏症、地中海型贫血、以及各种骨髓相关的肿瘤等等。造成红血球分解增加的原因包括基因上的异常（例如镰刀型贫血）、感染（例如疟疾）、以及自体免疫性疾病。贫血也可以依红血球的大小及每个红血球中的血红素量进行分类。如果红血球较正常小，则称为小球性贫血；如果较正常大则是巨球性贫血；如果大小在正常范围内则属于正常血球性贫血。诊断标准在男性是血红素低于130-140 g/L（13-14 g/dL），但是在女性时必须低于120-130 g/L（12-13 g/dL）。需要更进一步的测试才能知道病因。

Anemia, also spelled anaemia, is usually defined as a decrease in the amount of red blood cells (R.B.Cs) or hemoglobin in the blood. It can also be defined as a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen. When anemia comes on slowly, the symptoms are often vague and may include: feeling tired, weakness, shortness of breath or a poor ability to exercise. Anemia that comes on quickly often has greater symptoms, which may include: confusion, feeling like one is going to pass out, loss of consciousness, or increased thirst. Anemia must be significant before a person becomes noticeably pale. Additional symptoms may occur depending on the underlying cause.