质子运载火箭（俄语：Прото́н）苏联研制的一个大型运载火箭系列，包含多种衍伸型号。质子号从1960年代中期以来一直是苏联、俄罗斯发射大型航天器的主要运载火箭。在冷战结束后，由于能源号火箭被弃而不用，质子运载火箭实际上成为俄罗斯运载能力最强的火箭。但质子号使用剧毒的四氧化二氮与联氨做完燃料，一旦发射失败可能对发射场周边地区造成严重污染，因此俄罗斯已决定用新研制的安加拉号运载火箭来取代它，此种新型火箭采用液氧与煤油作为推进剂。

Proton (Russian: Протон) (formal designation: UR-500) is an expendable launch system used for both commercial and Russian government space launches. The first Proton rocket was launched in 1965. Modern versions of the launch system are still in use as of 2016, making it one of the most successful heavy boosters in the history of spaceflight. All Protons are built at the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center plant in Moscow, transported to the Baikonur Cosmodrome, brought to the launch pad horizontally, and raised into vertical position for launch.