五边形数是能排成五边形的多边形数。其概念类似三角形数及平方数，不过五边形数和三角形数及平方数不同，所对应的形状没有旋转对称（Rotational symmetry）的特性。

第个五边形数可用以下公式求得

且。

首几个五边形数为1, 5, 12, 22, 35, 51, 70, 92, 117... (OEIS:A000326)，其奇偶排列是「奇奇偶偶」。

A pentagonal number is a figurate number that extends the concept of triangular and square numbers to the pentagon, but, unlike the first two, the patterns involved in the construction of pentagonal numbers are not rotationally symmetrical. The nth pentagonal number p_n is the number of distinct dots in a pattern of dots consisting of the outlines of regular pentagons with sides up to n dots, when the pentagons are overlaid so that they share one vertex. For instance, the third one is formed from outlines comprising 1, 5 and 10 dots, but the 1, and 3 of the 5, coincide with 3 of the 10 – leaving 12 distinct dots, 10 in the form of a pentagon, and 2 inside.