Arabic language |
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| Overviews |
- Language
- Alphabet
- History
- Romanization
- Numerology
- Influence on other languages
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| Alphabet |
- Arabic numerals
- Eastern numerals
- Arabic Braille
- Diacritics
- Hamza
- Tāʾ marbūṭah
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| Letters |
- ʾAlif
- Bāʾ
- Tāʾ
- Ṯāʾ
- Ǧīm
- Ḥāʾ
- Ḫāʾ
- Dāl
- Ḏāl
- Rāʾ
- Zayn
- Sīn
- Šīn
- Ṣād
- Ḍād
- Ṭāʾ
- Ẓāʾ
- ʿAyn
- Ġayn
- Fāʾ
- Qāf
- Kāf
- Lām
- Mīm
- Nūn
- Hāʾ
- Wāw
- Yāʾ
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| Notable varieties | | Ancient | |
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| | Standardized |
- Classical
- Modern Standard
- Maltese
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| | Regional |
- Nilo-Egyptian
- Levantine
- Maghrebi
- Mesopotamian
- Peninsular
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| | Ethnic /religious | |
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| Academic | |
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| Linguistics |
- Phonology
- Sun and moon letters
- ʾIʿrāb (inflection)
- Grammar
- Triliteral root
- Mater lectionis
- IPA
- Quranic Arabic Corpus
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- Diwani
- Jawi script
- Kufic
- Mashq
- Muhaqqaq
- Naskh (script)
- Taʿlīq script
- Nastaʿlīq script
- Ruqʿah script
- Shahmukhī script
- Sini (script)
- Thuluth
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| Technical |
- Arabic keyboard
- Arabic script in Unicode
- ISO/IEC 8859-6
- Windows-1256
- MS-DOS codepages
- MacArabic encoding
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![7th-century kufic script without either ḥarakāt or i‘jām.](/Images/godic/202502/15/Kufic_Quran,_sura_7,_verses_86-875052.jpg")
![Evolution of early Arabic calligraphy (9th – 11th century). The Basmala was taken as an example, from kufic Qur’ān manuscripts.
(1) Early 9th century, script with no dots or diacritic marks (see image of early Basmala Kufic);
(2) and (3) 9th–10th century under Abbasid dynasty, Abu al-Aswad’s system established red dots with each arrangement or position indicating a different short vowel; later, a second black-dot system was used to differentiate between letters like fā’ and qāf (see image of middle Kufic);
(4) 11th century, in al-Farāhídi’s system (system we know today) dots were changed into shapes resembling the letters to transcribe the corresponding long vowels (see image of modern Kufic in Qur'an).](/Images/godic/202502/15/Arabic_script_evolution.svg5052.png")
![](/Images/godic/202502/15/Qur'an_folio_11th_century_kufic5052.jpg")