I'm optimistic even obesity, you know, we're gaining some fundamental understandings of the microbiome and the signaling mechanisms involved in these things.

我很乐见。甚至是肥胖问题，我们也对其所涉及的信号机制有了一些基本的了解。

But as we've learned more about the science of pain, we've discovered that pain and tissue damage don't always go hand in hand, even when the body's threat signaling mechanisms are fully functioning.

但是随着我们对疼痛科学的了解越来越多，我们发现疼痛和组织损伤并不总是同时发生，即使身体的威胁信号机制能够完全发挥作用。