计划经济（英语：Planned economy），又称统治经济或指令型经济，是一种经济体制，在这种体系下，国家在生产、资源分配以及消费等各方面，都是由政府事先进行计划。「指令型经济」通常和计划经济用法相同，但是详加区分的话，指令型经济是指生产工具公有的经济体制。所以指令型经济必定是计划经济，但计划经济却不必然为指令型经济。

时至今日，世界上的经济体系大多是市场经济体系和混合经济体系。但仍有部份国家如古巴（现已宣布进入市场化的改革）、伊朗、朝鲜、委内瑞拉、老挝采用计划经济。

A planned economy is an economic system in which inputs are based on direct allocation. Economic planning may be carried out in a decentralized, distributed or centralized manner depending on the specific organization of economic institutions. An economy based on economic planning (either through the state, an association of worker cooperatives or another economic entity that has jurisdiction over the means of production) appropriates its resources as needed, so that allocation comes in the form of internal transfers involving the purchasing of assets by one government agency or firm by another. In a traditional model of planning, decision-making would be carried out by workers and consumers on the enterprise-level.