Planned obsolescence
![The 1923 Chevrolet is cited as one of the earliest examples of annual facelifts in the car industry, because it had a restyled body covering what essentially was 9-year-old technology.[5]](/Images/godic/202501/02/1923_Chevrolet_Superior_Series_B,_National_Road_Transport_Hall_of_Fame,_20150356.JPG")
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![One of the complaints about Apple devices, such as the iPhone and iPad, is that they are notoriously hard to repair.[8]](/Images/godic/202501/02/IPhone_Internals0356.jpg")
![The Marketing writer Philip Kotler argues that much so-called planned obsolescence is in fact the working of the competitive and technological forces in a free society—forces that lead to improving goods and services.](/Images/godic/202501/02/Kotler-DSC_05100356.jpg")
Planned obsolescence or built-in obsolescence in industrial design and economics is a policy of planning or designing a product with an artificially limited useful life, so it will become obsolete, that is, unfashionable or no longer functional after a certain period of time. The rationale behind the strategy is to generate long-term sales volume by reducing the time between repeat purchases (referred to as "shortening the replacement cycle").