艰难梭菌（Clostridium difficile），又称难辨梭菌、难辨棱状芽孢杆菌（c-diff）或困难梭菌，属厌氧性梭菌属细菌，一般寄生在人的肠道内。厌氧性细菌是指那些在无氧条件下要比在有氧环境中生长好的细菌，而人的肠道正好是一个相对无氧的环境。如果过度服用服用某些抗生素，艰难梭菌的菌群生长速度加快，影响肠道中其他细菌，引发炎症。

艰难梭菌是梭菌属的一个成员，对氧十分敏感，很难分离培养，故得名。梭菌属成员很多，可分为几个群，其中有几个成员对人是致病性的。最著名的有产气荚膜梭菌、破伤风梭菌和肉毒梭菌。产气荚膜梭菌可引起伤口气性坏疽、食物中毒、肌肉坏死、梭菌蜂窝织炎等，破伤风梭菌可引起破伤风，肉毒梭菌可引起肉毒中毒。肉毒中毒的典型临床特征是急性弛缓麻痹，先从双侧颅神经阻碍开始，包括面部、头颅和咽部的肌肉，然后对称性下降，包括喉部和肢体肌肉。由于舌或咽部肌瘫痪可引起的呼吸困难，隔膜和肋部的瘫痪可能引起死亡。产气荚膜梭菌是一种常见的引起食物中毒的细菌。

Clostridium difficile (etymology and pronunciation), also known as C. difficile, C. diff (/siː/ /dɪf/), or sometimes CDF/cdf, is a species of Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria.

Clostridia (members of the genus Clostridium) are anaerobic, motile bacteria, ubiquitous in nature, and especially prevalent in soil. Under the microscope, they appear as long, irregular (often drumstick- or spindle-shaped) cells with a bulge at their terminal ends. Under Gram staining, C. difficile cells are Gram-positive and show optimum growth on blood agar at human body temperatures in the absence of oxygen. When stressed, the bacteria produce spores that are able to tolerate extreme conditions that the active bacteria cannot tolerate.