生日问题是指，如果一个房间里有23个或23个以上的人，那幺至少有两个人的生日相同的概率要大于50%。这就意味着在一个典型的标准小学班级（30人）中，存在两人生日相同的可能性更高。对于60或者更多的人，这种概率要大于99%。从引起逻辑矛盾的角度来说生日悖论并不是一种悖论，从这个数学事实与一般直觉相抵触的意义上，它才称得上是一个悖论。大多数人会认为，23人中有2人生日相同的概率应该远远小于50%。计算与此相关的概率被称为生日问题，在这个问题之后的数学理论已被用于设计著名的密码攻击方法：生日攻击。

In probability theory, the birthday problem or birthday paradox concerns the probability that, in a set of randomly chosen people, some pair of them will have the same birthday. By the pigeonhole principle, the probability reaches 100% when the number of people reaches 367 (since there are only 366 possible birthdays, including February 29). However, 99.9% probability is reached with just 70 people, and 50% probability with 23 people. These conclusions are based on the assumption that each day of the year (except February 29) is equally probable for a birthday.