米哈伊尔·米哈伊洛维奇·巴赫金（俄语：Михаил Михайлович Бахтин；1895年11月17日－1975年3月7日），出生于俄国，是现代文学理论与文学批评重要理论家。

巴赫金所提出的重要概念包括对话理论（dialogism）、众声喧哗（heteroglossia）、狂欢（carnivalesque），以及时空体（chronotope）等。

在文学理论方面，巴赫金继承了俄国结构主义学派，但是他仍然试图以文本、以及围绕文本的文化当中的一系列固有结构为途径，去理解对话中的文学意义。

Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin (/bɑːkˈtiːn, bɑːx-/; Russian:Михаи́л Миха́йлович Бахти́н, pronounced [mʲɪxɐˈil mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ bɐxˈtʲin]; 17 November 1895 – 7 March 1975) was a Russian philosopher, literary critic, semiotician and scholar who worked on literary theory, ethics, and the philosophy of language. His writings, on a variety of subjects, inspired scholars working in a number of different traditions (Marxism, semiotics, structuralism, religious criticism) and in disciplines as diverse as literary criticism, history, philosophy, sociology, anthropology and psychology. Although Bakhtin was active in the debates on aesthetics and literature that took place in the Soviet Union in the 1920s, his distinctive position did not become well known until he was rediscovered by Russian scholars in the 1960s.