康斯坦丁·萨米埃尔·拉菲内克-施马尔茨（法语：Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz，1783年10月22日－1840年9月18日），欧洲19世纪的通才。他在动物学、植物学、气象学、地质学、人类学、语言学等方面作出很大的贡献，他通晓多种语言，在写作、翻译方面也有许多成就，他基本是自学成才的，但行为古怪，有人认为他几乎是精神病，在他生前不受人们理解，但去世后逐渐被人们认为他的成就远远超过他所在的时代。

Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, as he is known in Europe (October 22, 1783 – September 18, 1840), was a nineteenth-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ultimately settling in Ohio in 1815, where he made notable contributions to botany, zoology, and the study of prehistoric earthworks in North America. He also contributed to the study of ancient Mesoamerican linguistics, in addition to work he had already completed in Europe.