失效模式与影响分析（英文：Failure mode and effects analysis，FMEA），又称为失效模式与后果分析、失效模式与效应分析、故障模式与后果分析或故障模式与效应分析等，是一种操作规程，旨在对系统范围内潜在的失效模式加以分析，以便按照严重程度加以分类，或者确定失效对于该系统的影响。FMEA广泛应用于制造行业产品生命周期的各个阶段；而且，FMEA在服务行业的应用也在日益增多。失效原因是指加工处理、设计过程中或项目/物品（英文：item）本身存在的任何错误或缺陷，尤其是那些将会对消费者造成影响的错误或缺陷；失效原因可分为潜在的和实际的。影响分析指的是对于这些失效之处的调查研究。

Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)—also "failure modes", plural, in many publications—was one of the first highly structured, systematic techniques for failure analysis. It was developed by reliability engineers in the late 1950s to study problems that might arise from malfunctions of military systems. An FMEA is often the first step of a system reliability study. It involves reviewing as many components, assemblies, and subsystems as possible to identify failure modes, and their causes and effects. For each component, the failure modes and their resulting effects on the rest of the system are recorded in a specific FMEA worksheet. There are numerous variations of such worksheets. An FMEA can be a qualitative analysis, but may be put on a quantitative basis when mathematical failure rate models are combined with a statistical failure mode ratio database.