溶血性尿毒综合征（英语：Hemolytic-uremic syndrome, HUS）是一种由于溶血性贫血（Hemolytic anemia）而引发的急性肾损伤（Acute kidney injury）和血小板数量下降综合征。病因不明，发病者多见于但不仅限于婴幼儿。这一综合征最早于1955年定义。2011年，此综合征由于Escherichia coli O104:H4细菌引起的食物中毒在德国爆发，并波及欧洲。截止至2011年6月3日已有53人因此死亡。

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (or haemolytic-uraemic syndrome), abbreviated HUS, is a disease characterized by hemolytic anemia (anemia caused by destruction of red blood cells), acute kidney failure (uremia), and a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia). It predominantly, but not exclusively, affects children. Most cases are preceded by an episode of infectious, sometimes bloody, diarrhea acquired as a foodborne illness or from a contaminated water supply caused by E. coli O157:H7, other non-o157:H7 E. coli serotypes, Shigella, and Campylobacter. A variety of viruses have also been implicated as a causative agent. It is now the most common cause of acquired acute renal failure in childhood. It is a medical emergency and carries a 5–10% mortality rate; of the remainder, the majority recover without major consequences but a small proportion develop chronic kidney disease, meaning at some point they will likely become reliant on renal replacement therapy (dialysis or transplantation). The primary target appears to be the vascular endothelial cell. This may explain the pathogenesis of HUS, in which a characteristic renal lesion is capillary microangiopathy.