Ecosystem ecology
![Figure 1. A riparian forest in the White Mountains, New Hampshire (USA).](/Images/godic/202501/10/Ecoecolfigure12352.jpg")
![Figure 3. Energy and matter flows through an ecosystem, adapted from the Silver Springs model.[3] H are herbivores, C are carnivores, TC are top carnivores, and D are decomposers. Squares represent biotic pools and ovals are fluxes or energy or nutrients from the system.](/Images/godic/202501/10/Silver_Spring_Model2352.jpg")
![Figure 4. Seasonal and annual changes in ambient carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration at Mauna Loa Hawaii (Atmosphere) and above the canopy of a deciduous forest in Massachusetts (Forest). Data show clear seasonal trends associated with periods of high and low NPP and an overall annual increase of atmospheric CO2. Data approximates of those reported by Keeling and Whorf[13] and Barford.[14]](/Images/godic/202501/10/Ecoecolfigure42352.jpg")
![Figure 5. Dynamics of decomposing plant litter (A) described with an exponential model (B) and a combined exponential-linear model (C).](/Images/godic/202501/10/Ecoecolfigure52352.jpg")
Ecosystem ecology is the integrated study of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of ecosystems and their interactions within an ecosystem framework. This science examines how ecosystems work and relates this to their components such as chemicals, bedrock, soil, plants, and animals.