概率分布（德语：Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung，英语：probability distribution）或简称分布，是概率论的一个概念。使用时可以有以下两种含义：

称X和Y为同分布的随机变量，当且仅当对任意事件，有成立。

但是，不能认为同分布的随机变量是相同的随机变量。事实上即使X与Y同分布，也可以没有任何点ω使得X(ω)=Y(ω)。在这个意义下，可以把随机变量分类，每一类称作一个分布，其中的所有随机变量都同分布。用更简要的语言来说，同分布是一种等价关系，每一个等价类就是一个分布。需注意的是，通常谈到的离散分布、均匀分布、伯努利分布、正态分布、泊松分布等，都是指各种类型的分布，而不能视作一个分布。

In probability and statistics, a probability distribution assigns a probability to each measurable subset of the possible outcomes of a random experiment, survey, or procedure of statistical inference. Examples are found in experiments whose sample space is non-numerical, where the distribution would be a categorical distribution; experiments whose sample space is encoded by discrete random variables, where the distribution can be specified by a probability mass function; and experiments with sample spaces encoded by continuous random variables, where the distribution can be specified by a probability density function. More complex experiments, such as those involving stochastic processes defined in continuous time, may demand the use of more general probability measures.