Jean Perreal was the court artist to Charles VIII and later Louis XII was in Milan with the French invaders.

Jean Perreal当时是查理八世的宫廷画师，后来当了路易十二的画师，并随着法国入侵者去了米兰。

Before the invasion of Charles VIII., Italy, according to Guicciardini, was cultivated not less in the most mountainous and barren parts of the country, than in the plainest and most fertile.

在查理八世入侵之前， 根据圭恰尔迪尼的说法，意大利在该国最多山和最贫瘠的地区与最平坦和最肥沃的地区一样耕种。