巴斯玛奇运动或巴斯玛奇起义（俄语：Басмачество, Basmachestvo，英语：Basmachi Movement）是一起以突厥人为主的穆斯林针对俄罗斯帝国和苏联在中亚的统治发动的起义。

这起运动在第一次世界大战期间1916年开始，由为反沙皇征兵和反俄起义发展成一次长期的对苏联的内战，由恩维尔·帕夏领导，直到1920年代晚期才渐渐平息。

苏联方面的资料将其描述成一次伊斯兰原教旨主义，连同普通暴徒和乌合之众以及伊斯兰激进分子的叛乱运动。发动起义的叛军被故意贬低称为“Basmachi”，或“土匪”。苏联用这个词来代表在俄国革命和20世纪30年代之间中亚活跃的穆斯林敌人。其他历史学家认为，起义重要的基本力量是许多普通的农民和牧民，这些人民反对俄罗斯的文化帝国主义，更反对苏联的强硬政策和对粮食牲畜的征收(战时共产主义)。这类观点同时也考虑到苏联当局对沙皇政权的殖民政治政策的延续。然而，穆斯林传统主义和泛突厥主义也是起义的两大重要组成部分，普通的匪帮也有参与。

The Basmachi movement (Russian:Басмачество, Basmachestvo) or Basmachi Revolt was an uprising against Russian Imperial and Soviet rule by the Muslim peoples of Central Asia.

The movement's roots lay in the anti-conscription violence of 1916 that erupted when the Russian Empire began to draft Muslims for army service during World War I. In the months following the October 1917 Revolution the Bolsheviks seized power in many parts of the Russian Empire and the Russian Civil War began. Turkestani Muslim political movements attempted to form an autonomous government in the city of Kokand, in the Ferghana Valley. The Bolsheviks launched an assault on Kokand in February 1918 and carried out a general massacre of up to 25,000 people. The massacre rallied support to the Basmachi movements who waged a guerrilla and conventional war that seized control of large parts of the Ferghana Valley and much of Turkestan.