后肛鱼科（Opisthoproctidae）是辐鳍鱼纲水珍鱼目的其中一科，已发现8属约19种。

后肛鱼科其下分8个属，如下：

Barreleyes, also known as spook fish (a name also applied to several species of chimaera), are small deep-sea argentiniform fish comprising the family Opisthoproctidae found in tropical-to-temperate waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.