Anti-cult movement
（重定向自Anticult）
The anti-cult movement (abbreviated ACM and sometimes called the countercult movement) opposes any new religious movements (NRMs) they characterize as cults. Sociologists David G. Bromley and Anson Shupe initially defined the ACM in 1981 as a collection of groups embracing brainwashing-theory, but later observed a significant shift in ideology towards medicalization of the memberships of new religious movements. Some Christian organizations also oppose NRMs on theological grounds through church networks and printed literature.