病人傅油圣事是天主教、东正教和一些新教教会的圣事。

这圣事的旧称临终圣事或终傅圣事由12世纪末起在西方天主教会使用，直到梵蒂冈第二届大公会议废止，但意大利很多信徒仍称呼这圣事为Estrema Unzione；在东正教会这名称则未有广泛使用。改名原因是信徒可以多次接受圣事，不用等到临终，施行圣事亦非预料病人已是临终。有段时期这圣事只施行予快逝世的人，以避免在圣事后病人再有犯罪；但在梵蒂冈第二届大公会议后已停止这做法。

病人傅油圣事依据的主要圣经经文为「你们中间有患病的吗？他该请教会的长老们来；他们该为他祈祷，因主的名给他傅油：出于信德的祈祷，必救那病人，主必使他起来；并且如果他犯了罪，也必得蒙赦免。」（雅各伯书5章14,15节）

Anointing of the sick, known also by other names, is a form of religious anointing or "unction" (an older term with the same meaning) for the benefit of a sick person. It is practiced by many Christian churches and denominations.

Anointing of the sick was a customary practice in many civilizations, including among the ancient Greeks and early Jewish communities. The use of oil for healing purposes is referred to in the writings of Hippocrates.