短程弹道导弹（英语：Short-range ballistic missile，缩写：SRBM）是指射程不超过1000公里的弹道导弹，它们常常能够携带核武器，在现代某些国家的冲突中，由于短程弹道导弹组装方便，成本相对小，短程弹道导弹经常被用到。

短程弹道导弹与中程弹道导弹一起组成了战区弹道导弹（theatre ballistic missiles，TBM），目前中华人民共和国、美国、俄罗斯等国针对战区弹道导弹都在积极研发战区导弹防御系统（Theater Missile Defense System，缩写：TMDS）。

A short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) is a ballistic missile with a range of about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) or less. They are usually capable of carrying nuclear weapons. In potential regional conflicts, these missiles would be used because of the short distances between some countries and their relative low cost and ease of configuration. In modern terminology, SRBMs are part of the wider grouping of theatre ballistic missiles, which includes any ballistic missile with a range of less than 3,500 km.