Specific risk factors include alcohol, hot fluids, caustic strictures, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, and palmoplantar keratosis.

特有的危险因素包括饮酒、喝热液、腐蚀性食管狭窄、Plummer-Vinson综合征与掌跖角化病。

But they can signal to officials a need to study a specific risk.

但它们可以向官员们发出需要对特定风险进行研究的信号。

But based on the currently available evidence, the EMA was not able to identify specific risk factors.

根据目前的证据，欧洲药品管理局无法确定具体的风险因素。

But they have very specific psychological risks that you have to deal with.

但是它们具有您必须应对的非常具体的心理风险。

Specific risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma include alcohol consumption, hot fluids and caustic strictures, which is the narrowing of the esophagus following ingestion of a caustic substance, like household bleach.

而鳞癌特有的危险因素包括饮酒、高温液体与腐蚀性食管狭窄，即摄入腐蚀性液体（如家用漂白剂）后导致食管狭窄。

Reducing the sources of air pollution — including road traffic, coal and solid fuel burning, and industrial emissions — is key, but action should also be taken to reduce the specific risks to children, according to EEA.

欧洲环境署指出，减少道路交通、煤炭和固体燃料燃烧和工业排放等空气污染源是关键，但是还应该采取措施来降低儿童面临的空气污染风险。