固体物理学是凝聚态物理学中最大的分支。它研究的对象是固体，特别是原子排列具有周期性结构的晶体。固体物理学的基本任务是从微观上解释固体材料的宏观物理性质，主要理论基础是非相对论性的量子力学，还会使用到电动力学、统计物理中的理论。主要方法是应用薛定谔方程来描述固体物质的电子态，并使用布洛赫波函数表达晶体周期性势场中的电子态。在此基础上，发展了固体的能带论，预言了半导体的存在，并且为晶体管的制造提供理论基础。

Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy. It is the largest branch of condensed matter physics. Solid-state physics studies how the large-scale properties of solid materials result from their atomic-scale properties. Thus, solid-state physics forms a theoretical basis of materials science. It also has direct applications, for example in the technology of transistors and semiconductors.