急性呼吸窘迫症候群（英语：Acute respiratory distress syndrome，缩写为ARDS），又称为呼吸窘迫症候群（respiratory distress syndrome，RDS）、成人呼吸窘迫症候群（Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome），一种急性呼吸衰竭症候群，以顽固性缺氧、严重呼吸困难、肺部弹性减低、双侧肺水肿、及密实肺部浸润为特征，特色在于相称的发作病史，带有严重血氧不足的重度呼吸窘迫，肺部顺从度（compliance）下降，且在胸腔X光上有广泛的肺部浸润（非心因性肺水肿）。

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), previously known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), adult respiratory distress syndrome, or shock lung, is a medical condition occurring in critically ill patients characterized by widespread inflammation in the lungs. ARDS is not a particular disease, rather it is a clinical phenotype which may be triggered by various pathologies such as trauma, pneumonia and sepsis.