夜蛾科（学名：Noctuidae）是一科非常强壮的蛾，该科包括超过4,200属，35,000个物种，已知数量可能达到100,000种，是鳞翅目下最大的一科。

夜蛾科分布于全世界，其中欧洲约1450种。

前翅为土褐色，有些后翅颜色鲜艳。两性之间的差异通常很少。绝大多数夜蛾在夜间飞行，总是强烈地被光吸引。很多物种喜欢富含糖和花蜜的花朵。

一些物种被蝙蝠捕食。然而，许多夜蛾科物种耳朵里面有响应蝙蝠回声定位的小器官，使它们翅膀肌肉发生痉挛，能不稳定地快速移动，这有助于飞蛾在逃避蝙蝠。

The Noctuidae or owlet moths are a family of robustly built moths that includes more than 35,000 known species out of possibly 100,000 total, in more than 4,200 genera. They constitute the largest family in the Lepidoptera.

Their distribution is worldwide, with about 1,450 species found in Europe.