Many aristocracies shifted from warlike emphasis to greater cultural sophistication.许多贵族统治的国家从尚武转向建构更精深的文化。In the Roman Empire, aristocrats ruled over plebeians.在罗马帝国里，贵族统治平民。Aristocracy was already dead, and democracy was still unborn.贵族统治业已灭亡，民主政权却尚未建立。