Hundreds of new local unions had been founded and eight or ten national trade unions had sprung into being.

数百个新的地方工会成立，八个或十个国家工会如雨后春笋般涌现。

Before 1860 there were several such national trade unions, including the plumbers, printers, mule spinners, iron molders, and stone cutters.

在 1860 年之前，有几个这样的全国性工会，包括水管工、印刷工、骡纺工、铸铁工和石材切割工。

The printers of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and other towns, for instance, drew together and formed a national trade union of printers built upon the local unions of that craft.

例如， 纽约、费城、波士顿和其他城镇的印刷商聚集在一起，成立了一个建立在该行业地方工会基础上的全国印刷商工会。