实在论（英语：realism），也译为唯实论，西方哲学本体论的一种观点，认为本体论中的现实（Reality），是独立于人类感官、信仰、概念与想法之外的。实在论者，承继了古希腊哲学家柏拉图的看法，他们相信，我们所相信为真实的一切都只是近似于真实的存在。人类感官所感受到的世界，只是真实的一种投射，并不是真实。

现今世界认为的实在论，与古希腊、或中古经院哲学所说的实在论，在内容上并不相同，有时甚至是相反的。

Contemporary philosophical realism is the belief that some aspect of our reality is ontologically independent of our conceptual schemes, ****, linguistic practices, beliefs, etc. Realism may be spoken of with respect to other minds, the past, the future, universals, mathematical entities (such as natural numbers), moral categories, the material world, and thought. Realism can also be promoted in an unqualified sense, in which case it asserts the mind-independent existence of a visible world, as opposed to skepticism and solipsism. Philosophers who profess realism state that truth consists in the mind's correspondence to reality.