Nivolumab and lambrolizumab gum up another surface protein, PD-1; and a fourth, so new that it still goes by its laboratory identifier of MPDL3280A, binds to PD-L1, a protein that would otherwise help PD-1 to do its job.

Nivolumab和lambrolizumab扰乱另一种表面蛋白PD-1。第四种蛋白最近才发现，还使用着实验室标识符MPDL3280A，它可以绑定到PD-L1上，而PD-L1会反过来协助PD-1蛋白完成任务。