步枪（英语：Infantry Firearm），或作步鎗，被用来表示步兵使用的长管枪械。现在步枪多指来福枪（Rifle），是有膛线、单兵肩射，主要用于发射枪弹，攻击特定目标，有效射程为500米前后（依种类和性能分别会有所不同），可用刺刀格斗，有的还可以发射枪榴弹，具有点面杀伤能力和反装甲的能力。

而历代的步枪有：

枪托和长枪管的来福枪，通常为步兵使用。

A rifle is a firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder, with a barrel that has a helical groove or pattern of grooves ("rifling") cut into the barrel walls. The raised areas of the rifling are called "lands," which make contact with the projectile (for small arms usage, called a bullet), imparting spin around an axis corresponding to the orientation of the weapon. When the projectile leaves the barrel, this spin lends gyroscopic stability to the projectile and prevents tumbling, in the same way that a properly thrown American football or rugby ball behaves. This allows the use of aerodynamically-efficient pointed bullets (as opposed to the spherical balls used in muskets) and thus improves range and accuracy. The word "rifle" originally referred to the grooving, and a rifle was called a "rifled gun." Rifles are used in warfare, hunting and shooting sports.