F检验（F-test），最常用的别名叫做联合假设检验（英语：joint hypotheses test），此外也称变异数比率检验、方差齐性检验。它是一种在零假设（null hypothesis, H₀）之下，统计值服从F-分布的检验。其通常是用来分析用了超过一个参数的统计模型，以判断该模型中的全部或一部参数是否适合用来估计母体。

F检验这名称是由美国数学家兼统计学家George W. Snedecor命名，为了纪念英国统计学家兼生物学家罗纳德·费雪（Ronald Aylmer Fisher）。Fisher在1920年代发明了这个检验和F分配，最初叫做变异数比率（英语：Variance Ratio）。

An F-test is any statistical test in which the test statistic has an F-distribution under the null hypothesis. It is most often used when comparing statistical models that have been fitted to a data set, in order to identify the model that best fits the population from which the data were sampled. Exact "F-tests" mainly arise when the models have been fitted to the data using least squares. The name was coined by George W. Snedecor, in honour of Sir Ronald A. Fisher. Fisher initially developed the statistic as the variance ratio in the 1920s.