It is thus that a tax upon the necessaries of life operates exactly in the same manner as a direct tax upon the wages of labour.

因此，对生活必需品征税的方式与对劳动工资直接征税的方式完全相同。

Following the precedent set by Congress under the Articles of Confederation, the Southern Congress resorted to a direct property tax apportioned among the states, only to meet the failure that might have been foretold.

遵循国会根据《邦联条例》设立的先例，南方国会诉诸于各州之间直接分配的财产税， 结果却遭遇了可能已经预见到的失败。

While the demand for the labour and the price of provisions, therefore, remain the same, a direct tax upon the wages of labour can have no other effect, than to raise them somewhat higher than the tax.

因此，虽然对劳动力的需求和食品价格保持不变，但对劳动力工资直接征税除了使工资略高于税收之外，没有其他效果。