牙结石，又称牙石，通常存在于唾液腺开口处的牙齿表面（例如：下颚前牙的舌侧表面，上颚后牙的颊侧表面）和牙齿的颈部，以及口腔黏膜运动不到的牙齿表面等处。牙结石开始时是软软的，会因逐渐的钙化而变硬。它是由75%的磷酸钙，15-25%的水、有机物、磷酸锰、矿酸钙及微量的钾、钠、铁所构成。并呈现出黄色、棕色、或者黑色。它形成的原因有多种说法：

牙结石形成的速度、形态和硬度因人而异，一般来说新生的牙结石需要十二至十五小时。快速形成的牙结石要比慢慢形成的牙结石要软且碎。所有刚形成的牙结石都是软软的，经过一段时间的钙化就会慢慢的变硬。因此在牙结石形成之初，使用口腔清洁法或刷牙法，都很容易清除牙结石，等到钙化之后就不易清除了。

In dentistry, calculus or tartar is a form of hardened dental plaque. It is caused by precipitation of minerals from saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in plaque on the teeth. This process of precipitation kills the bacterial cells within dental plaque, but the rough and hardened surface that is formed provides an ideal surface for further plaque formation. This leads to calculus buildup, which compromises the health of the gingiva (gums). Calculus can form both along the gumline, where it is referred to as supragingival ("above the gum"), and within the narrow sulcus that exists between the teeth and the gingiva, where it is referred to as subgingival ("below the gum").